Prematurity and biliary atresia (is prematurity protective) ?

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5668326/

"We hypothesized that correcting for prematurity would have no effect on the degree of fibrosis at surgery, with post-natal age being the most important factor; however, that was not the case. There was indeed good correlation of liver fibrosis scores (in both PBA and control groups) with both post-natal and with post-conceptual age, though some of the infants (predominantly in the PBA group) who were many weeks old had very little liver fibrosis for their post-natal age. This was reflected in the observation that both fibrosis and APRi scores were less in the PBA cohort compared to their controls born around term, implying some kind of “protection” of prematurity perhaps. A possible explanation is that the lack of early enteral feeding seen in some of our groups was in some way contributory."

fat soluble vitamin doses in neonatal cholestasis

 Fat-Soluble Vitamin Supplementation in the Cholestatic Infant
Vitamin Laboratory Sign of Deficiency Clinical Sign of Deficiency Treatment/Prevention
Vitamin A Retinol: retinol-binding
protein <0.8 mol/mol
Xerophthalmia, keratomalacia Vitamin A: 3,000–10,000 U/d
Vitamin D 25-Hydroxyvitamin
D <14 ng/mL [ deficiency;
<30 ng/mL [ insufficiency
Rickets, osteomalacia Cholecalciferol: 800–5,000 IU/d;
1,25 OH2 cholecalciferol:
0.05–0.2 mg/kg per d
Vitamin K Prolonged prothrombin time,
elevated protein in
vitamin K absence
Coagulopathy Phytonadione: 2.5–5 mg twice
a week to every day
Vitamin E Vitamin E: total serum
lipid ratio <0.6 mg/g
Neurologic changes,
hemolysis
TPGS: 15–25 U/kg per d; D-a
tocopherol: up to 100 U/kg
per d
TPGS¼D-a-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1,000 succinate.

liver biopsy fibrosis scoring for biliary atresia

Mean fibrosis scores (Ishak) for biliary atresia
(liver biopsy with samples fixed in formalin)
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secondly,
Aspartate Aminotransferase-to-Platelet ratio index (APRi) in infants with biliary atresia: prognostic value at presentation.

Grieve A, Makin E, Davenport M

J Pediatr Surg. 2013 Apr; 48(4):789-95.

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How do we fortify expressed breast milk with preterm formula

Take one level scoop of preterm formula and mix it in 7 ml of water this will give 24 kilo calories per 7 ml.
Now add 4 ml from this in 30 ml of expressed breast milk and it will become 24 kilo calories per ounce.

If we had added whole 7 ml of this in EBM it would have become 27 kilo calorie per ounce.

Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase diagnostic tests differences

To diagnose glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase there are qualitative tests quantitative tests and cytochemical assays.

In qualitative tests it is distinguished if an individual has G6PD deficiency above or below a certain level and this level is 30% of normal G6PD levels. So if a person has more than 30% of G6PD activity it is considered normal.

In quantitative G6PD test the exact amount of G6PD enzyme activity is measured and it is normalised against the red blood cell count or hemoglobin concentration.

In cytochemical essays the G6PD activity at individual red blood cell level is measured by the through microscope or through flow cytometry analysis.

dymo label writer paper

Paper has dark squares, measuring 0.3mm by 10mm
Spacing between the squares is 8mm,
And the placement of square from paper margin is 8.5mm
This format tell the printer that paper is compatible with label writer.
It also ,perhaps, gives the machine an idea of whereabouts of paper, i mean guide for printer about the paper flow speed.

Now, the cut mark in paper, tells the printer and perhaps the pc software is communicated too, about the size of label.
This cut piece measures 2.5mm by 8mm.
It is for sensor of printer perhaps.
It is placed 2mm from paper margin.

Silver reed type writer

type writer typewriter

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