Histology Slides Database: June 2017

Tuesday, June 27, 2017

Hypertonic dialysis fluid

Wednesday, June 21, 2017

Classification Of Anti-Cancer Drugs in Pharmacology – Treatment of Cancer by Drugs

Anti Cancer Drugs may be classified and grouped as :
ü Alkylating Agents for cancer treatment
ü Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for cancer treatment
ü Anti-metabolites for cancer treatment
ü Plant Alkaloids for treatment of cancer
ü Antibiotics for cancer treatment
ü Monoclonal Antibodies and cancer treatment
ü Hormones used in cancer treatment
ü Miscellaneous Drugs in cancer treatment
These are the various drugs used in the treatment of cancer.
Detailed Classification Of Anti Cancer Drugs is given below :
o Alkylating Agents Used for Cancer Cure :
1. Nitrogen Mustard
Ø Cyclophosphamid,
Ø Mechlorethamine
Ø Melaphalam
Ø Chlorambucil
2. Nitrosoureas
Ø Carmustine
Ø Lomustine
Ø Semustine
3. Platinum Complex
Ø Cisplatin
Ø Carboplatin
Ø Oxaliplatin
4. Triazenes
Ø Dacarbazine
5. Azridines
Ø Trimethylmelamin
Ø Triethylthiophosphoramide
6. Alkyl Sulpphonates
Ø Busulfan
7. Hydrazine
Ø Procarbazine

o Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors usef for cancer cure include :
Ø Imatinib
o Antimetabolites used in CANCER treatment
1. Folate Antagonists
Ø Methotrexate
Ø Pemetreked
2. Purine Antagonists
Ø Mercaptopurine
Ø Fludarabine
Ø Cladribine
Ø Thioguanine
Ø Capecitabine
Ø Gemcitabine
3. Pyranidine Antagonists
Ø Fluorouracil
Ø Cytarabine
Ø Azacitidine
o Plant Alkaloids Used in Cancer Treatment
1. Vinca Alkaloids (Microtubule Inhibitors)
Ø Vinorelabine
Ø Vincristine
Ø Vinblastine
2. Posophyllotoxins
Ø Etoposide
Ø Teniposide
3. Taxanes
Ø Paclitaxel
Ø Docetaxel
o Antibiotics used in Cancer Treatment
1. Anthracyclines
Ø Dpxorubicin
Ø Daunorubicin
Ø Epirobicin
Ø Idarubicin
Ø Mitaxanthrone
2. Bleomycins
Ø Bleomycin
3. Actinomycins
Ø Dactinomycin
4. Metomycins
Ø Metomycin
o Monoclonal Antibodies used in cancer treatment
Ø Rituximab
Ø Trastuzumab
Ø Cetuximab
Ø Bevacizumab
o Hormones used in cancer treatment
1. Androgens
Ø Testosterone Propionate
Ø Fluoxymesterone
2. Antiandrogens
Ø Flutamide
Ø Bicalutamide
Ø Cyproterone
3. Estrogens
Ø Ethinyl estradiol
4. Antiestrogens
Ø Tamoxifen
5. Aromatase Inhibitors
Ø Anastrozole
Ø Letrozole
Ø Aminoglutethimide
Ø Exemestone
6. Adrenocorticoids
Ø Prednidone
Ø Hydrocortisone
7. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Agonists
Ø Leuprolide
Ø Nafarelin
8. Peptide Hormone Inhibitors
Ø Oestreotide
9. Progestins
Ø Hydroxyprogesterone
Ø Megestrol acetate
o Miscellaneous Drugs Used in Cancer Treatment
Ø Amsacrine
Ø Asparaginase
Ø Topotecin
Ø Interferons
Ø Irinotecan
Ø Cetrximab
Ø Gefitinib
Ø Imatinaib
Ø Erlotinib
Ø Hydroxyurea
Ø Trastuzumab
Ø Mitoxantione

tags :
pharmacology drugs classification
drugs classification for cancer treatment

Drug Classification of Cephalosporins – (CephalosporinsPharmacological Drug Classification)

CLASSIFICATION OF CEPHALOSPORINS includes the cephalosporins of 1 generation, 2nd generation cephalosporins, the 3rd generation cephalosporions and the 4th generation cephalosporins.
A.    1^ST   GENERATION Cephalosporins

Ø ORAL 1st generation cephalosporins
Cephradine (monocef)
Cephalexin(Keflex)
Cephadroxil(Cefabect)
Ø PARENTERAL 1st generation cephalosporins
Cefazolin (Kefzol)

B.    2^ND   GENERATION cephalosporins

Ø ORAL 2nd generation cephalosporins
Cefaclor(ceclor)
Cefprozil(cefzil,Zilpro)
Ø PARENTERAL 2nd generation cephalosporins
Cefotetan
Cefuroxile

C.    3^RD   GENERATION cephalosporins

Ø ORAL 3rd generation cephalosporins
Cefixime
Ø PARENTERAL 3rd generation cephalosporins
Cefotaxime
Ceftazidime
Ceftriaxone(Norbac)
Cefoperazone(Cefobid)

D.    4^THGENERATION cephalosporins

Cefepime(Maxipime)

Drug CLASSIFICATION OF PENICILLINS (Classification of Penicillins in pharmacology)

CLASSIFICATION OF PENICILLINS
The drug Classification of Penicillins include the following :
A. ACCORDING TO NATURE

1. NATURAL PENICILLIN
Penicillin G (polybiotics)
2.SEMISYNTHETIC PENICILLIN

a.LONG ACTING PENICILLINS
Procaine penicillin
Benzathine (lapen)
Benethamine penicillin
b.ORALLY ACTING PENICILLINS
Penicillin V(penisol)
Phenbenicillin
c.PENICILLINASE RESISTANT PENICILLINS
Flucloxacillin(A-Flox)
Methacillin
Oxacillin
Nafcillin
d.BROAD SPECTRUM PENICILLINS
Ampicillin (Ampil)
Amoxicillin(amoxil)
e.ANTI-PSEUDOMONAL PENICILLINS
Carbelicillin
Ticracillin
Pipracillin
B.ACCORDING TO RANGE OF ACTION

1.NARROW ACTING (narrow spectrum PENICILLINS)

a.SHORT ACTING PENICILLINS
Penicillin G /benzyl pencillin
Penicillin V/Phenoxymethyl penicillin
b.LONG ACTIING PENICILLINS
Procaine penicillin
Benethamine penicillin
Benzathene Penicillin (lapen)
c.PENICILLINASE RESISTANT PENICILLIN

ANTISTAPHYLOCOCCAL PENICILLINS
Cloxacillin(orbenin)
Oxacillin(Prostaphlin)
Nafcillin(unipen)
PENICILLIN AGAINST PENICLLINASE PRODUCING GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA EXCEPT
PSEUDOMONAS
Temocillin (tenopens)
2.BROAD ACTING PENICILLINS

Ampicillin
Amoxicillin
Pipracillin(Pipril)
Ticracillin
Becampicillin(Proglobe)
C.ON THE BASIS OF PENICILLINASE SENSITIVITY.

1.PENICILLANASE SENSITIVE
a.ACID LABILE PENICILLINS
Penicillin G
Procaine Penicillin
Carbenicillin
Ticracillin
b.ACID STABLE PENICILLINS
Penicillin V
Ampicillin
Amoxicillin
Dicloxacillin
2. PENICILLINASE RESISTANT PENICILLINS

a.ACID LABILE
Methicillin
Nafcillin
b.ACID STABLE PENICILLINS
Oxacillin
Cloxacillin
Flucloxacillin

tags :
pharmacology drugs classification
drugs
PENICILLINS

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Classification Of Antiviral Drugs (Pharmacological classification of anti-viral drugs)

The classification of Antiviral Drugs includes :

ACCORDING TO VIRUS ATTACKED the Antiviral Drugs are classified as :
1. Retrovirus (HIV) (Drugs acting against Retrovirus HIV)
a. Nucleoside Analogue Reverse Transcritase Inhibitors drugs
Abacavir, Didanosine,Tenofovir
b. Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor drugs
Delavirdine,Efavirenz,Nevirapine
c. Protease Inhibitor drugs
Amprenavir,Atazanavir,Tipranavir
d. viral Fusion Inhibitor drugs
Enfuvirtide
2. Drugs acting against Haemophilus Influenza
a. drugs acting againt Haemophilus Strain A
Amantadine/Rimantadine
b. Haemophilus Influenza Strain A & Haemophilus Influenza Strain B
Relenza, Tamiflu
3. Anti-Hepatitis Agents/Drugs
a. drugs acting againt Hepatitis B & C
Interferons
b. drugs acting againt Hepatitis B
Lamivudine,Dipivoxil
c. drugs acting against Hepatitis C
Ribavirin
4. drugs against Picornaviruses
Pleconaril
5. drugs against Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infections
Ganciclovir, Valganciclovir, Cidofovir
6. drugs against Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) & Varicella-Zoster virus(VZV) Infections
Acyclovir, Valacyclovir,Famciclovir
ACCORDING TO THE SITE OF ACTION
7. Virus polymerase
Vidarabine,Acyclovir
8. Reverse Transcriptase
a. Nucleoside Analogue Reversre Transcriptase Inhibitors
Tenovofir,Didanosine,Abacavir
b. Nonnuclesodide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Delavirdine, Efavirenz, Nevirapine
9. Protease Inhibitors
Amprenavir, Atazanavir, Tipranavir
10. RNA Mutagens
Ribavirin
11. Matrix Proteins
Amantadine, Rimantadine
12. Neuraminidase Inhibitors
Relenza, Tamiflu
13. Block Attachment & Uncoating
Pleconaril
14. Activation of Cell Defense Proteins
Interferons
Antiviral Drugs Classification ACCORDING TO CHEMICAL TYPE
15. Nucleoside Analogue antiviral drugs
Acyclovir, Vidavabine, Gancyclovir
16. Peptide Analogue antiviral drugs
Saquinavir,Ritonavir,Indinavir
17. Triazole Carboxamide antiviral drugs
Ribavirin
18. Tricyclic Amine antiviral drugs
Amantadine/Rimantadine
19. Neuraminic Acid Mimetic anti viral drugs
Relenza, Tamiflu
20. Proteins
Interferons

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Hyaline cartilage magnified microscopic view

Classification of drugs used in DIABETES (pharmacological classification of drugs for diabetes)

Classification of drugs used in DIABETES
The drugs for diabetes are classified as :

INSULIN

RAPID ACTING INSULINS
INSULIN LISPRO
INSULIN ASPART
SHORT ACTING INSULINS
REGULAR NOVOLIN R
REGULAR HUMULIN R
INTERMEDIATE ACTING INSULINS
NPH HUMULIN N
NPH NOVOLIN N
PREMIXED INSULINS
NOVOLIN 70\30
HUMULIN 70\30 AND 50\50
MIXED INSULINS
MOVOMIX 30
HUMALOG MIX 25
LONG ACTING INSULIN

INSULIN DETEMIR
INSULIN GLARGINE
ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS
SULPHONYLUREAS for diabetics
1^ST GENERATION sulphonyl ureas
TOLBUTAMIDE
CHLORPROPAMIDE
2^ND GENERATION sulphonyl ureas
GLIPIZIDE
GLIMEPIRIDES
MEGLITINIDES
REPAGLINIDE
ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORS and diabetes
ACRBOSE
MIGLITOL
D-PHENYLALANINE DERIVATIVE and diabetes
NATEGLINIDE
BIGUANIDES
METFORMIN
BUFORMIN
THIAZOLIDINIEDIAONE DERIVATIVE
ROSIGLITAZONE
PIOGLITA
GIT HORMONES{GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1(GLIP-1)}
EXENATIDE

Classification of Anti Angina Drugs (Pharmacological Classification of Drugs used fro Angina Pectoris)

Drugs used in angina Pectoris are Classified as follows :

A.CORONARY VASODILATORS for angina pain
1. NITRITES AND NITRATES for angina
ACCORDING TO CHEMICAL NATURE
a) Nitrites:
Inorganic nitrites →NaNO2
Organic Nitrites→Amyl Nitrite, Ethyl Nitrite
b.Nitrates:
Nitroglycerine, Isosorbide Dinitrate
2. ACCORDING TO DURATION OF ACTION
a) Short acting nitrites
Amyl Nitrite, Nitroglycerine (sublingual), Isosorbide
b) Intermediate acting nitrites
Isosorbide Dinitrate→Chewable, Oral
Nitroglycerine→2% ointment, slow release buccal
Preparation
c) Long acting nitrites
Erythirtyl tetranitrate→Oral
Nitroglycerine slow release tras-cutaneous
Preparation, oral sustained release preparation
B. BETA BLOCKERS used for angina:
Propranolol,
Atenolol,
Nadolol
C.Calcium channel blockers used for angina:
1. Dihydropyridines:
Nifedipine, Nicardipine, Isradipine
2. Miscellaneous drugs for angina:
Diltiazem, Verapamil

THERAPEUTIC CLASSIFICATION Of Drugs USED IN ANGINA

1. Drugs for an acute angina attack
Glyceryl Trinitrate
2. Immediate pre-exertional prophylaxant
Glyceryl Trinitrate, Nifedipine
3. Long term prophylaxant:
a. beta blockers:
Propranalol, Atenolol, Metoprolol
b.calcium channel blockers
Nifedipne, Diltiazem, Verapamil
c.Long acting Nitrites:
Isosorbide Mononitrate, Isosorbide Dinitrate

Classification of Anti-arrhythmic drugs (Pharmacological classification of anti-arrhythmic drugs)

Anti-arrhythmic drugs are classified as follows :-

Na+ Channel Blockers for arrhythmia
Intermediate Association Dissociation drugs

Quinidine
Procainamide
Disopyramide

Fast Association Dissociation drugs

Lidocaine
Phenytoin
Mexiletine

Slow Association Dissociation drugs

Flecainide
Propafenone
Moricizine

Beta blockers for arrhythmia

Propranolol
Esmolol
Metoprolol
Atenolol
Timolol

K+ Channel Blockers for arrhythmia

Amiodarone
Sotalol
Dofetilide
Ibutilite

Ca+ Channel Blockers for arrhythmia

Verapamil
Diltiazem

Direct Nodal Inhibition for arrhythmia

Adenosine
Digoxin

THERAPEUTIC CLASSIFICATION Of Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs

Drugs for Ventricular Arrythmia

Quinidine
Procainamide
Disopyramide

Drugs for Supra Ventricular Arrythmia

Adenosine
Digoxin

Drugs for Ventricular Tachycardia
In patients with remote Myocardial Infarction the drugs used are

Lidocaine
Procainamide
Bretylium

In patients without structural heart diseases the used are

Adenosine
Verapamil
Beta Blockers

Drugs for Recurrence of Paraxoysmal Supra Ventricular Tachycardia

Verapamil
Diltiazem

Drugs for Atrial Fibrillation

Lidocaine
Phenytoin
Mexiletine

Drugs for Recurrent Atrial Fibrillation

Quinidine
Procainamide
Dysopyramide

Drugs for Paraxoysmal Atrial Fibrillation

Flecainide
Propafenone
Moricizine

Drugs for Atrial Flutter

Amiodarone
Sotalol
Dofetilide
Ibutilite

Drugs for Recurrent Tachyarrythmias

Flecainide
Moricizine
Propranolol
Timolol

Drugs for Wolf Parkinson White Syndrome

Procainamide
Sotalol
Ibutalite

Drugs for Myocardial Infarction Mortality

Propranolol
Timolol

Classification of Antihistamines (Pharmacological Classification of Anti-Histamines)

Anti histamines are classified as H1 receptor blockers and H2 receptor blockers. the detail of classification is as follows :

H-1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS:-
FIRST GENERATION DRUGS:-
1) ALKYLAMINES as H1 receptor Blockers
Brompheniramine
Chlorpheniramine
Dexchlorpheniramine
Triprolidine
2) ETHANOLAMINES as H1 receptor Blockers
Carbinoxamine
Clemastine
Dimenhydrinate
Diphenhydramine
Doxylamine
3) ETHYLENEDIAMINES as H1 receptor Blockers
Tripelennamine
Pyrilamine
4) PHENOTHIAZINES as H1 receptor Blockers
Methdilazine
Promethazine
Trimeprazine
5)PIPERAZINE as H1 receptor Blockers
Cyclizine,hydroxyzine,meclizine
6)PIPERIDINES as H1 receptor Blockers
Azatidine
Cyproheptdine
7)MISCELLANEOUS drugs as H1 receptor Blockers
Cyproheptadine
Phenindamine
SECOND GENERATION DRUGS:-
Loratidine
Astemazole
Terfenadine
Cetirizine
Fexofenadine
H-2 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS:-
Cimetidine
Ranitidine
Famotidine
Nizatidine
H-3 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS:-
Thioperamide
Impromidine

THERAPEUTIC CLASSIFICATION of ANTI-Histamines

DRUGS USED IN TREATMENT OF PEPTIC ULCER:-
Cimetidine,Ranitidine,Famotidine,Nizatidine
DRUGS USED TO TREAT MOTION SICKNESS:-
Diphenhydramine,dimenhydrinate,Cyclizine,Meclizine
DRUGS USED IN TREATMENT OF INSOMNIA:-
Diphenhydramine,dimenhydrinate
DRUGS USED IN MENIERE’S DISEASE & VERTIGO:-
Cyclizine,Dimenhydrinate
DRUGS USED IN ALLERGIC DISORDERS:-
Loratidine,Fexofenadine
ANTIPARKINSONIAN DRUGS:-
Diphenhydramine,Orphenadrine
DRUGS USED AS LOCAL ANAESTHETICS:-
Promethazine,mepyramine

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CLassification of Antihypertension drugs (Classification of Antihypertensives – Pharmacological Drug Classification)

The Classification of antihypertensives is as follows :-

ANTI-HYPERTENSIVES

a. Diuretics used in hypertension:

1.Thiazide diuretics used in hypertension:

Hydrochlorothiazide, chlorothiazide, hydroflumethiazide, polythiazide.

2.Sulfonamide diuretics used in hypertension:

Chlorthalidone, indapamide, clopamide.

3. Loop diuretics used in hypertension:

Bumetanide, furosamide, ethacrynic acid, torsemide.

4.Potassium sparing diuretics used in hypertension:

a.Aldosterone antagonist used in hypertension:
spironolactone, eplerenone.

Direct acting :

Amiloride, triamterene.

b.Sympathoplegic drugs used in hypertension:

1. Centrally acting sympathoplegic (alpha-2 agonist) used in hypertension:

mthyldopa, clonidine, guanabenz, guanafacine.

2. Ganglion blockers used in hypertension:

Hexamethonium, trimethaphan, mecamylamine, pentolinium,.

3. Adrenergic neuron blockers used in hypertension:

Reserpine, guanadrel, guanethidine, bethanidine, debrisoquine.

4. Adrenergic receptor blockers used in hypertension:

a.Alpha-receptor blockers:
prazosine, phentolamine, phenoxybenzaimne, doxazosin, terazosin.
b.beta receptor blockers:
propranolol, atenolol, pindolol, nadolol, metoprolol, acebutolol,timolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, carteolol.
c.alpha-beta blockers:
labetolol, carvedilol.

5. Peripheral Dopamine-I receptor agonist:

Fenoldopam.

c.Angiotensin blockers used in hypertension:

1.ACE inhibitors:

Enalapril, benzapril, captopril, lisinopril, fosinopril, quinapril, ramipril, parindopril, trandolapril, moexipril.

2. Angiotensin-I receptor blockers:

Telmisartan, losartan, valsartan, eprosartan, irbisartan.

3. Competitive inhibitors of angiotensin-II :

Saralasin.

4. Renin inhibitors used in hypertension:

Aliskirin.

d.Direct acting vasodilators used in hypertension:

Diazoxide, hydralazine, minoxidil, Na-nitroprusside, phenoldopam, amiloride.

e.Ca-channel blockers used in hypertension:

1.dihydropyridines:

Nifedipine, nicardipine, amlodipine, nisoldipine, felodipine, isradipine.

2.Miscellaneous:

Verapamil, diltiazem, bepridil.

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Also check my histology slides database :

Histology Slides Database